RESUMO Objetivo: o Brasil é um país com cobertura universal de saúde, mas o acesso à cirurgia entre populações remotas permanece pouco estudado. Este estudo avalia a capacidade cirúrgica em hospitais que servem populações rurais no estado do Amazonas, Brasil, por meio de avaliações aprofundadas das instalações. Métodos: foi realizada avaliação estratificada randomizada transversal de hospitais que relataram prestar assistência cirúrgica de julho de 2016 a março de 2017. A Ferramenta de Avaliação Cirúrgica desenvolvida pela Organização Mundial da Saúde e o Programa de Cirurgia Global e Mudança Social da Harvard Medical School foi administrada em hospitais remotos, incluindo uma revisão retrospectiva de registros médicos e livros cirúrgicos. Resultados: 18 hospitais foram pesquisados. Três hospitais (16,6%) não tinham salas cirúrgicas e 12 (66%) tinham 1-2. 14 hospitais (77,8%) relataram que a oximetria de pulso estava “sempre presente” e seis hospitais (33%) nunca têm um anestesiologista disponível. A anestesia inalatória estava disponível em 12 hospitais (66,7%), 77,8% não possuíam dispositivo de ventilação mecânica. Em média, 257 procedimentos por 100.000 foram realizados. 10 hospitais (55,6%) não possuem unidade de recuperação anestésica. Para as regiões de abrangência dos 18 hospitais, com população de 497.492 habitantes, a densidade média de força de trabalho cirúrgica, anestesista e obstétrica foi de 6,4. Conclusão: as populações que vivem em áreas rurais no Brasil enfrentam disparidades significativas no acesso à assistência cirúrgica, apesar da presença de cobertura universal de saúde. O desenvolvimento de um plano estadual de cirurgia é necessário para garantir acesso à assistência cirúrgica às populações rurais.

ABSTRACT Objective: Brazil is a country with universal health coverage, yet access to surgery among remote rural populations remains understudied. This study assesses surgical care capacity among hospitals providing care for the rural populations in the Amazonas state of Brazil through in-depth facility assessments. Methods: a stratified randomized cross-sectional evaluation of hospitals that self-report providing surgical care in Amazonas was conducted from July 2016 to March 2017. The Surgical Assessment Tool (SAT) developed by the World Health Organization and the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change at Harvard Medical School was administered at remote hospitals, including a retrospective review of medical records and operative logbooks. Results: 18 hospitals were surveyed. Three hospitals (16.6%) had no operating rooms and 12 (66%) had 1-2 operating rooms. 14 hospitals (77.8%) reported monitoring by pulse oximetry was always present and six hospitals (33%) never have a professional anesthesiologist available. Inhaled general anesthesia was available in 12 hospitals (66.7%), but 77.8% did not have any mechanical ventilation device. An average of 257 procedures per 100,000 were performed. 10 hospitals (55.6%) do not have a specific post-anesthesia care unit. For the regions covered by the 18 hospitals, with a population of 497,492 inhabitants, the average surgeon, anesthetist, obstetric workforce density was 6.4. Conclusion: populations living in rural areas in Brazil face significant disparities in access to surgical care, despite the presence of universal health coverage. Development of a state plan for the implementation of surgery is necessary to ensure access to surgical care for rural populations.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia da estratégia adotada e a qualidade do atendimento em trauma pediátrico na sobrevivência dos pacientes atendidos após desastre em uma cidade do interior de Minas Gerais, em comparação a resultados esperados por estudos sobre mortalidade infantil em grandes queimados. Métodos: análise retrospectiva observacional de dez pacientes que sofreram queimaduras e foram transferidos para um centro de referência de trauma. Utilizou-se o escore de R-Baux modificado para estimar a mortalidade esperada. Comparou-se a mortalidade esperada a partir do escore de R-Baux e a mortalidade real, a partir do teste de uma proporção. Comparou-se, também, tempo de admissão pós-trauma com mortalidade e grau de superfície corporal queimada com mortalidade. Resultados: o R-Baux médio foi de 75,2, o que significa uma mortalidade esperada para grandes queimados de 5%. No entanto, a mortalidade do grupo com grande área de superfície corporal queimada desse estudo foi de 60%, valor p=0,001. Observou-se neste caso uma mortalidade muito além da esperada pela literatura. Conclusão: apesar das inúmeras variáveis, aventa-se a hipótese de infraestrutura de atendimento em trauma pediátrico aquém da necessária no Estado. Este estudo sugere maior incentivo à políticas públicas para atendimento de trauma pediátrico, centro de referência preparado, acordos de transferência bem estabelecidos e otimização de planos de catástrofe para diminuição da morbimortalidade para os pacientes que sobrevivem à primeira hora após o trauma.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the adopted strategy and the care quality for pediatric trauma in the survival of patients attended after a disaster in a city in the interior of Minas Gerais state, compared to the expected results of studies on infant mortality in major burns. Methods: retrospective observational analysis of ten patients who were burned and transferred to a trauma reference center. We used the modified R-Baux score to estimate the expected mortality. We compared the expected mortality predicted by R-Baux score and the actual mortality determined from one-ratio test. We also compared time of post-trauma admission with mortality and burned body surface area with mortality. Results: mean R-Baux score was 75.2, which means an expected mortality of 5% among major burn patients. However, in this study, mortality in the group of children with large burned body surface area was of 60%, p=0.001, a rate far beyond that expected in literature. Conclusion: despite the innumerable variables, we consider the hypothesis of the pediatric trauma care infrastructure being inferior than the one needed in the state. This study suggests a greater incentive for public policies concerning pediatric trauma care, prepared referral center, well-established transfer agreements, and optimization of catastrophe plans, in order to reduce morbimortality of patients who survive the first hour after trauma.

Resumen: Introducción: Las mujeres con cáncer de mama sometidas a mastectomía padecen de linfedema, problema debilitante y desagradable que afecta la calidad de vida. La fisioterapia es considerada como una opción de tratamiento con múltiples técnicas de intervención, a las que no todos los pacientes tienen acceso. Métodos: El presente estudio pretendió determinar los efectos de la Técnica RED en el tratamiento del Linfedema asociado a mastectomía. Resultados: se contó con la participación de 16 mujeres, 8 en el grupo control y 8 en el grupo experimental, que asistieron a consulta oncológica en el Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo de Neiva entre los meses de agosto y diciembre de 2015. En ambos grupos se aplicó un pre-test y pos-test con mediciones de edema, movilidad articular para movimientos de Flexión, Extensión, Abducción y Rotación Externa de hombro, Supinación, Flexión y Extensión de muñeca y sensibilidad superficial a partir del dolor y tacto. Conclusión: Las variables dolor, tacto y edema presentaron cambios significativos luego de la aplicación de la técnica; las propiedades tróficas y mecánicas de la piel se encontraron conservadas de manera inicial y final y la movilidad articular presentó cambios significativos en el pos-test del grupo experimental para los movimientos de abducción de hombro, rotación externa, supinación de antebrazo, flexión y extensión de muñeca.

Abstract: Introduction: Women with breast cancer undergoing mastectomy suffer from lymphedema, a debilitating and unpleasant problem that affects the quality of life. Physical therapy is considered as a treatment option with multiple intervention techniques, which not all patients have access to. The present study aimed to determine the effects of the RED technique in the treatment of lymphedema associated with mastectomy. Methods: 16 women participated, 8 in the control group and 8 in the experimental group, who attended an oncological consultation at the Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo de Neiva between August and December 2015. Results: In both groups A pre-test and post-test with edema measurements, joint mobility for Flexion, Extension, Abduction and External Shoulder Rotation, Supination, Flexion and Wrist Extension and superficial sensitivity based on pain and touch were applied. Conclusion: The variables pain, touch and edema presented significant changes after the application of the technique; The trophic and mechanical properties of the skin were initially and final preserved and the joint mobility incorporated significant changes in the post-test of the experimental group for the movements of shoulder abduction, external rotation, forearm supination, flexion and extension.

Resumen La trombosis venosa cerebral (TSVC) es un tipo de accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) que involucra el lado venoso de la circulación cerebral, incluye trombosis de los senos venosos durales y/o de las venas corticales y profundas del cerebro, es una causa poco común 0,5-1 % de todos los accidentes cerebrovasculares, con una prevalencia estimada en el rango entre 0. 22 a 1,23 / 100.000 / año. Los factores de riesgo para TSVC, están generalmente divididos en riesgos adquiridos (por ejemplo: cirugía, trauma, embarazo, puerperio, síndrome antifosfolípido, cáncer, hormonas exógenas) y los riesgos genéticos (trombofilia hereditaria). Los factores de riesgo más ampliamente estudiados para TSVC incluyen estados protrombóticos, las trombofilias heredadas asociadas con TSVC incluyen deficiencias de antitrombina, proteína C, proteína S (PS), mutación del factor V Leiden y la mutación del gen 20210 de protrombina. La prevalencia del déficit de PS, oscila entre un 0,02 y un 0,03 % en la población general y aumenta hasta un 2 % en pacientes no seleccionados con trombosis. Con una mortalidad cercana al 9 %. El manejo es usualmente médico. Se cita el caso de una paciente de 28 años de edad, con cuadro clínico de cefalea de 1 mes de evolución, con hallazgos en neuroimagen de trombosis de senos transverso y sigmoideo izquierdo con déficit de proteína S.

Summary Cerebral venous thrombosis (TSVC) is a type of stroke (CVA) involving the venous side of the cerebral circulation, including thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses and / or cortical and deep veins of the brain, is a rare cause 0.5-1% of all strokes, with an estimated range between 0. 22 to 1.23 / 100,000 / year prevalence. Risk factors for TSVC, are generally divided into acquired risks (eg, surgery, trauma, pregnancy, postpartum, antiphospholipid syndrome, cancer, exogenous hormones) and genetic risks (hereditary thrombophilia). The most widely studied factors TSVC risk include prothrombotic states, inherited thrombophilia associated with deficiencies TSVC include antithrombin, protein C, protein S (PS), mutation of factor V Leiden mutation and prothrombin 20210 gene. The prevalence of PS deficit ranges between 0.02 and 0.03% in the general population and increases up to 2% in unselected patients with thrombosis. With close to 9% mortality. The operation is usually doctor. It cites the case of a 28-year-old, with clinical symptoms of headache 1 month of evolution with neuroimaging findings transverse sinus thrombosis and left sigmoid with protein S deficiency.

La habilitación y rehabilitación son procesos a través de los cuales las personas con discapacidad tienen la oportunidad de contar y mantener óptimos niveles en los planos físico, sensorial, intelectual, psicológico y social; a pesar de la existencia de diferentes campos de habilitación y rehabilitación en la fisioterapia con todo un abanico de técnicas y procedimientos (Bobath, TFNP, Perfetti, rehabilitación basada en tareas y otras) para la intervención de estos pacientes, la hipoterapia (terapia con caballos) se perfila como una opción prometedora en el restablecimiento de las deficiencias de pacientes con afecciones neurológicas centrales y periféricas, donde el caballo juega un papel fundamental. El caballo es un animal por característica muy perceptivo, lo cual le permite graduar su comportamiento y conducta según la persona que lo monta, que en primera instancia lo muestra como una vía para su utilización con personas. Montar a caballo proporciona un trabajo físico, resistencia muscular, controles posturales y enderezamientos corporales para mantener equilibrio, balance, mantenimiento de posiciones y coordinación, también favorece la adquisición de habilidades cognitivas que permiten la interacción del jinete/amazona con su medio y por darse en espacios ambientales al aire libre facilitan el desarrollo de la persona en torno a todas sus esferas (personal, familiar y social). Es la hipoterapia una modalidad asistida con animales, que utiliza al caballo como medio facilitador en la rehabilitación o habilitación de deficiencias a nivel motor, senso-perceptivo, cognitivo, comunicativo y social, se aprovecha el paso, el carácter, la voluntad, la anatomía del animal y la planeación de ejercicios terapéuticos sobre este para que el fisioterapeuta los convierta en elementos fundamentales para el proceso de restablecimiento de la funcionalidad y funcionamiento del paciente (jinete/amazona).

The habilitation and rehabilitation are processes through which people with disabilities go through to maintain optimal results at physical, sensory, intellectual, psychological and social levels. Despite the existence of different fields of habilitation and rehabilitation in physical therapy, with a wide range of techniques and procedures (Bobath, TFNP, Perfetti, rehabilitation based on assignments and others) for the intervention of these patients, the hippotherapy (therapy with horses) is emerging as a promising option in the restoration of the deficiencies of patients suffering from central and peripheral neurological disorders, where the horse plays a fundamental role. Horses are very perceptive animals which allow them to graduate their behavior and conduct according to the person who rides them, which first shows them as a means to use with people. Horse riding provides physical work, muscle endurance, postural control and straightening body to maintain balance, positions and coordination. It also favors the acquisition of cognitive skills that allow the interaction of the rider/Amazon with its environment as well as the development of the person around all his or her areas (personal, family and social) as it is practiced outdoors. Hippotherapy is a modality assisted with animals, which uses horses as a means of facilitating the rehabilitation or habilitation of people's deficiencies in their motor, senso- perceptual, cognitive, communicative and social levels by using step, character, the will, the anatomy of the animal and the planning of therapeutic exercises while riding, so that the physical therapist makes them become fundamental elements for the process of restoring the functionality and operation of the patient (rider/Amazon).

La plasticidad cerebral es un término muy utilizado en los últimos años, pero su estudio tiene origen desde los inicios de la neurología. Esta capacidad cerebral de utilizar mecanismos de adaptación funcional que permitan minimizar los daños después de una lesión, así como la habilidad para adquirir nuevos conocimientos incluso en edades muy avanzadas hacen de la maleabilidad cerebral una característica única y útil en la rehabilitación. Lo anterior lleva a la realización de una revisión de tema que permita conocer la historia, los mecanismos de potenciación al igual que la utilidad en los procesos de rehabilitación neuronal.

Brain plasticity is a term widely used in recent years, but its study originates from the beginnings of neurology. This brain power to use functional adaptation mechanisms that minimize the damage after an injury, as well as the ability to acquire new knowledge even in very old age, make brain malleability a unique and useful in rehabilitation. This leads to the realization of a review of the theme that allows knowing the history, the mechanisms of empowerment as well as the utility in neural rehabilitation processes.